Results
To picture copulatory scratching and men genital morphology of every species, we reached men and women genitalia using dissections. For this specific purpose, we sampled more queens (one another virgin and you may physogastric mated of these) and extra newly emerged guys of each types, after the exact same testing criteria in past times demonstrated (comprehend the early in the day areas). I following dissected for each specimens’ metasoma to access the brand new genital part of women and men. Once dissection, i instantly shoot such formations to guarantee the stability from membranous structures, especially in females. Dissections followed the method prior to now revealed inside the Vaginal functional morphology, hypothesized plugging measures and you may https://besthookupwebsites.org/sweet-pea-review/ mating positions. Fundamentally, i used a great Leica DM 1000 stereomicroscope, coupled with a drawing tubing to set up the brand new artwork of the mating couples (?20 magnification, Vaginal functional morphology, hypothesized plugging methods and you will mating ranks) and also the vaginal useful morphology (?80 magnification, Genital practical morphology, hypothesized plugging steps and you can mating ranks). I vectorized and you will addressed such artwork using a photo publisher application. I plus used a good Leica DFC420 cam attached to a beneficial Leica M205A stereomicroscope which will make high-resolution images of females and you may people genitalia (?step one.0 lens and ?50 magnification, Part dos.4). Very first, i took multifocus color images, then we piled her or him in a single picture using the Leica app collection type step 3.cuatro.1. I repeated this technique for every single genitalia (female and male) regarding all sampled stingless bee types, but you to, Meters. melapling restrictions.
Harrowing mating from inside the stingless bees
Zero melanized patches had been identified in the examined unmated virgin queens. In most varieties, physogastric queens shown melanized patches on their membranous pockets ( Desk 1), with the exception of Yards. fasciculata ( Profile step one). The new membranous pouches have been really the only part that have copulatory scratches. During the for each and every mated queen, patches have been always matched up, matching the fresh inferred condition of your collection of dick valves during the a man genital tablet. Patches was in fact situated on for each pouch, and you can symmetrically positioned ( Contour step one). At the same time, melanized spots looked like permanent, as i noticed her or him in the mated queens of various years, centered on our wing wear category ( Supplementary Shape S3 ).
Women genital chamber, pattern off copulatory scratching, and ventral view of male vaginal capsules away from F. longipes, P. minima, Scaptotrigona aff. postica, Melipona flavolineata, Yards. seminigra, and M. fasciculata. Off kept in order to proper, photos tell you the fresh new genital chamber from virgin queens, the latest vaginal chamber of mated queens, while the melanized spots found on queens, which are shown by white arrows on the third line out of photographs. Singly mated queens show a single set of melanized patches, revealed having F. longipes, P. minima, S. aff. postica, Meters. flavolineata, and you can M. seminigra; or a long-term connected plug, just used in M. fasciculata. Remated Meters. seminigra queens, conveyed of the black asterisk, tell you several sets out-of melanized spots and you may main spots. On right-hand gang of photo, male products was displayed once the activated mating plugs simply for Melipona varieties, appearing turned penis valves. I including inform you an enthusiastic inactivated mating connect to possess M. fasciculata, since the expressed because of the light asterisk. Black colored pubs depict a size out of 0.5 mm. Which profile is sold with photographs away from 6 from all of our seven studied kinds (find Matter and techniques).
People vaginal chamber, trend out of copulatory marks, and you can ventral view of men genital tablets of F. longipes, P. minima, Scaptotrigona aff. postica, Melipona flavolineata, M. seminigra, and you may Meters. fasciculata. Out of left in order to correct, photographs inform you this new genital chamber out of virgin queens, new vaginal chamber off mated queens, and melanized patches found on queens, which happen to be shown because of the white arrows throughout the 3rd line off pictures. Singly mated queens reveal an individual collection of melanized spots, revealed to own F. longipes, P. minima, S. aff. postica, Yards. flavolineata, and Yards. seminigra; or an extended-term connected plug, simply found in Yards. fasciculata. Remated Meters. seminigra queens, expressed from the black colored asterisk, let you know numerous pairs off melanized patches and you will central patches. Throughout the right-hand number of photographs, male products was demonstrated as the activated mating plugs simply for Melipona variety, showing turned cock regulators. I along with reveal an inactivated mating connect getting Meters. fasciculata, since expressed from the white asterisk. Black colored taverns portray a scale out of 0.5 mm. Which figure is sold with pictures out of six from the 7 learnt kinds (look for Question and methods).
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